中国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准体系现状与展望

农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准是农业转基因生物安全管理必不可少的技术保障。截至2021年1月,农业部/农业农村部共发布了农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准47项。本文对我国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准体系现状进行初步总结,对国内外农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准的发展现状进行比较,探讨了今后一段时间内农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准的发展方向,以期为我国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准的进一步完善提供借鉴,使其更好地为农业转基因生物安全管理工作提供技术支撑。     

Investigation of environmental and land use impacts in forested permafrost headwaters of the Selenga-Baikal river system,Mongolia - Effects on discharge,water quality and macroinvertebrate diversity

Headwater streams play a major role for provision of ecosystem services, e.g. drinking water. We investigated a high-altitude headwater catchment of the Kharaa River (including 41 1st-order rivers) to understand the impact of land cover (especially forest cover), environment and human usage on runoff, chemical water quality and macroinvertebrate fauna in a river basin under discontinuous permafrost conditions in an arid, sparsely populated region of Mongolia. To verify our hypotheses that different landuses and environmental impacts in permafrost headwaters influence water quality, we investigated 105 sampling sites, 37 of them at intermittent stream sections without water flow. Discharge was positively impacted by land cover types steppe, grassland and forest and negatively by shrubland, forest burnt by wild fires (indicating a reduction of permafrost) and slope. Water quality was affected by altitude, longitude and latitude, shrub growth and water temperature. Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates was driven by water temperature, iron content of the water, flow velocity, and subbasin size (adjusted R² = 0.54). Sample plots clustered in three groups that differed in water chemistry, macroinvertebrate diversity, species composition and bio-indicators. Our study confirms that steppes and grasslands have a higher contribution to runoff than forests, forest cover has a positive impact on water quality, and diversity of macroinvertebrates is higher in sites with less nutrients and pollutants. The excellent ecological status of the upper reaches of the Kharaa is severely threatened by forest fires and human-induced climate change and urgently needs to be conserved.     

Hydrodynamic method for estimating production carrying capacity of coastal finfish cage aquaculture in Southeast Asia

This paper presents the development of a simple and generally applicable hydrodynamic method for the estimation of production carrying capacity (PCC) of coastal finfish cage aquaculture. Dimensional analysis was used to find significant and general interdependencies between the hydrodynamics at fish farm locations and particulate wastes deposited on the seafloor by fish farms. Modeled ratios of deposition to emission of particulate wastes underneath fish farms were found to be primarily a function of the flow Reynolds numbers at the farming locations and the non-dimensional settling velocity of emitted wastes. In the non-dimensional model, farming conditions include daily feed rate, proportion of unconsumed feed, and carbon content in feed and fish feces. The relationship can be used to estimate the PCC of floating net cages imposing a threshold value for deposition. Results of in-situ assessments of the benthic impacts of several fish farms in an aquaculture site in the northwest of Bali, Indonesia were used to validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Predicted results were able to clearly identify fish farms operating beyond ecologically sustainable carrying capacity. The proposed method has broad applicability and could help make decisions regarding the estimation of production potential of individual farms in pristine areas, for providing first estimates in sites that have scarce data, and for assessment, expansion, and optimization of the currently operating aquaculture sites in Southeast Asia, China and potentially other data-poor island nations. As the method relies on dynamic models, it enables straightforward assessments over the entire aquaculture region.     

面包面团发酵性能研究

面团的发酵性能直接影响面包的品质,本研究考察了酵母、糖和食盐用量对面包面团发酵性能的影响,分析了面团在发酵过程中pH值和体积的变化。通过试验发现,面团的发酵速度与酵母和糖的用量成正比,但是过多的酵母和糖均会降低面团的持气性;加入一定的食盐会抑制面团的发酵,而适量的食盐却能在一定程度上改善面团的持气性。通过酵母、糖、食盐的配比试验发现,当酵母添加量为1.0%、糖添加量为10%、盐添加量为10%时,面包面团具有最佳的发酵效果和持气性。     

Attachment and growth of vegetative propagules of Chondria crassicaulis Harvey (Ceramiales,Rhodophyta) under various culture conditions

The red alga Chondria crassicaulis has a wide‐ranging bioactive chemical composition and is used as a local foodstuff, representing a potentially new cultivar in Korea. The cultivation techniques were developed by examining the monthly changes in frond weight in a field population of C. crassicaulis from November 2016 to October 2017. For seedling production, temperature and irradiance effects on the attachment and growth of vegetative propagules of C. crassicaulis were evaluated. In addition, effects of day length and salinity on the propagule growth were examined. C. crassicaulis is a year‐round species with a maximum frond wet weight of 817 mg observed in July 2017, as seawater temperature increases to 20°C. The attachment of vegetative propagules was significantly affected by temperature and irradiance, with maximal values detected at 20–25°C and 60 µmol photons m^?2 s^?1. The relative growth rates of vegetative propagules of C. crassicaulis were the highest at 20–25°C, 60 µmol photons m^?2 s^?1, and a salinity of 25 psu. In conclusion, due to its tremendous tolerance under variable environmental conditions, the vegetative propagules of C. crassicaulis can be used as seedlings for mass cultivation.     

玉米叶片表皮蜡质相关性状的全基因组关联分析

为发掘玉米叶片表皮蜡质合成与调控相关基因，以218份由温带、亚热带和热带自交系组成的关联群体为材料，在原阳对其3个生物学重复叶片表皮挂水能力进行调查，利用1.25 M覆盖玉米全基因组的SNPs进行Q、K和Q+K这3种模型下的全基因组关联分析。结果表明，Q模型较K模型和Q+K模型能更好地评价叶片表皮的挂水能力。Q模型下，共检测到88个覆盖玉米9条染色体的显著SNPs（P ≤ 2.04E-6），88个SNPs分布于47个QTLs内，单个QTL可解释13.6%~45.6%的叶片挂水能力表型变异，47个QTL内共有97个候选基因，其中，77个具有功能注释。位于第2染色体上的转录因子NAC77（GRMZM2G018436）和第3条染色体上的亚油酸酯氧合酶（GRMZM2G156861）编码基因，是叶片表皮蜡质性状的重要候选基因。     

添加槐花粉对白三叶青贮发酵品质的影响

采用单因子随机设计，研究添加不同比例的槐(Sophora japonica)花粉对白三叶 (Trifolium repens)青贮发酵品质的影响，以期为槐花应用于青贮饲料生产提供科学依据。分别设置白三叶单独青贮(C)、95%白三叶 + 5%槐花粉青贮(T1)、90%白三叶 + 10%槐花粉青贮(T2)、85%白三叶 + 15%槐花粉青贮(T3)、80%白三叶 + 20%槐花粉青贮(T4)共5个处理。结果表明，白三叶单独青贮品质较差，添加槐花粉提高了青贮原料的干物质、水溶性碳水化合物含量和发酵系数，降低了缓冲能值，使得青贮后的感官评分、乳酸、乳酸 ? 乙酸、干物质、水溶性碳水化合物、粗蛋白质含量显著提高(P ≤ 0.05)，pH、氨氮 ? 总氮、乙酸、丁酸含量显著降低(P ≤ 0.05)。综合考虑，80%白三叶 + 20%槐花粉青贮能获得良好的青贮品质。     

基于MaxEnt模型的新疆红枣生态适宜性与区划分析

【目的】 结合种植区资源分布现状,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)预测新疆红枣潜在适生区,为新疆红枣区域布局和种植结构调整提供有效的理论指导和依据。【方法】 以年降水量、花期降水量(5~6月)、成熟期降水量(9~10月)、年有效积温(≥10℃)、年极端最低气温和平均气温6个气候因子和绿洲灌溉区、沙漠敏感区2个土地因子及高程因子为环境变量,利用GIS空间分析技术获取新疆红枣地理分布数据,采用MaxEnt模型进行建模并预测新疆红枣潜在适生区,使用百分比贡献率分析其主要环境因子及生态位参数。【结果】 (1)ROC评价(Receiver Operating Characteristic,ROC)显示MaxEnt模型预测新疆红枣潜在适生区的训练数据集和测试数据集的AUC值分别为0.921和0.904,模拟效果优秀。(2)新疆红枣潜在适生区总面积2 365.939 7×10⁴ hm²,其中最适生区429.350 1×10⁴ hm²,主要分布于新疆南疆的喀什地区、阿克苏地区、和田地区、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州和巴音郭楞蒙古自治州,东疆的吐鲁番市、哈密市。(3)影响新疆红枣生长的主要环境因子是年极端最低气温(35.15%)、绿洲灌溉区(20.77%)、年有效积温(19%)和成熟期降水量(13.27%)。新疆红枣适宜生长在年极端最低气温≥-24.65℃,年有效积温≥3 595℃,成熟期降水量为0.54~7.64 mm,且绿洲灌溉区有助于提高其适生程度。【结论】 新疆红枣潜在适生区呈现环塔里木盆地聚集,低温是其最主要的影响因子。